The study were maintained for 1 week just before killing. Rats had been perfused with four paraformaldehyde and the spinal cord segments containing the transplants have been removed and sectioned at 15 mm thickness using a cryostat. To quantify the cell survival in vivo, the places occupied by transplanted rat or mouse SCs (visualized by GFP fluorescence) were measured in consecutive parasagittal sections of spinal cord (45 mm apart) with ImageJ. Statistical significance was determined employing paired Student’s t-test.Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.Acknowledgements. We’re really grateful to GlaxoSmithKline UK for offering the P2X7R KO mice. We thank JV Priestley, G Burnstock, and G Knight for critical reading of the manuscript. This perform was supported by a Nathalie Rose Barr PhD Studentship from International Spinal Study Trust (NRB094) (to YZ and XB) plus a Wellcome Trust grant (084688/Z/08/Z) to XB and YZ). YZ was supported by a grant from Medtronic UK (to JY and HE). SL was supported by studentship from Semyung University (to XB and JY).1. Fortun J, Hill CE, Bunge MB. Combinatorial methods with Schwann cell transplantation to improve repair in the injured spinal cord.1-Bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-iodobenzene supplier Neurosci Lett 2009; 456: 124?32.Buy1-BOC-3-trifluoromethyl-piperidin-4-one 2. Hill CE, Moon LD, Wood PM, Bunge MB. Labeled Schwann cell transplantation: cell loss, host Schwann cell replacement, and techniques to enhance survival. Glia 2006; 53: 338?43. three. Pearse DD, Sanchez AR, Pereira FC, Andrade CM, Puzis R, Pressman Y et al. Transplantation of Schwann cells and/or olfactory ensheathing glia into the contused spinal cord: Survival, migration, axon association, and functional recovery. Glia 2007; 55: 976?000. four. Haider H, Ashraf M. Strategies to promote donor cell survival: combining preconditioning approach with stem cell transplantation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45: 554?66. 5. Fields RD, Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in neuron-glia interactions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 423?36. six. Khakh BS, North RA. P2X receptors as cell-surface ATP sensors in overall health and disease. Nature 2006; 442: 527?32. 7. Newman EA. Propagation of intercellular calcium waves in retinal astrocytes and Muller cells. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2215?223. 8. Dou Y, Wu HJ, Li HQ, Qin S, Wang YE, Li J et al. Microglial migration mediated by ATPinduced ATP release from lysosomes. Cell Res 2012; 22: 1022?033. 9. Domercq M, Perez-Samartin A, Aparicio D, Alberdi E, Pampliega O, Matute C. P2X7 receptors mediate ischemic harm to oligodendrocytes. Glia 2010; 58: 730?40.Cell Death and DiseaseP2X7 receptor induces Schwann cell death J Luo et al10. Virginio C, MacKenzie A, North RA, Surprenant A. Kinetics of cell lysis, dye uptake and permeability changes in cells expressing the rat P2X7 receptor.PMID:33661383 J Physiol 1999; 519: 335?46. 11. North RA. Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiol Rev 2002; 82: 1013?067. 12. Volonte C, Apolloni S, Skaper SD, Burnstock G. P2X7 receptors: channels, pores and much more. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2012; 11: 705?21. 13. Surprenant A, Rassendren F, Kawashima E, North RA, Buell G. The cytolytic P2Z receptor for extracellular ATP identified as a P2X receptor (P2X7). Science 1996; 272: 735?38. 14. Falzoni S, Munerati M, Ferrari D, Spisani S, Moretti S, Di Virgilio F. The purinergic P2Z receptor of human macrophage cells. Characterization and possible physiological function. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1207?216. 15. Coutinho-Silva R, Persechini PM, Bisaggio RD, Perfettini JL, Neto AC, Kanellopoulos JM et al. P2Z/P.